A
Novel Approach to Effective Allergy Relief
Allergies are an overreaction of
the immune system to irritants, called allergens. This
overreaction is characterized by inflammation defined
as swelling, redness, heat and pain accompanied by exudation
of fluids. In upper respiratory allergies, the eyes, sinuses,
nose, throat and upper lung tissues may all be inflamed
to varying degrees.
The proprietary
AllerPhase allergy formula relieves the inflammation while
correcting the faulty immune response. The formula is
a unique blend of herbs that addresses the various stages
of allergic reaction. While each herb addresses immune
response and inflammation in some way, various combinations
of the herbs attack specific tissue irritations.
Centipeda, Xanthium,
and Angelica are well known for their abilities to clear
nasal and sinus congestion. Centipeda and Schizonepeta
reduce the inflammatory heat that causes itching in the
eyes and respiratory tissues. The formula places a unique
emphasis on herbs that reduce tissue swelling, the source
of much of the misery of allergies, relying on Fritillaria,
Angelica, Paeonia, and Platycodon to do this task. As
well, another combination of herbs works together to act
as an expectorant to get rid of accumulating fluids: Centipeda,
Fritillaria, Platycodon, Licorice.
One herb that
appears exclusively in AllerPhase is Gastrodia. This herb
is traditionally used to treat headaches. Modern research
suggests that this herb promotes blood flow to the brain
to help improve memory. It is likely that this herb assists
the other herbs in quickly reaching inflamed tissues,
aids in pain control and helps to clear the “brain
fog” that reduces mental function during allergy
season.
The other traditional
use for Gastrodia is to resolve neurasthenia –nervous
exhaustion characterized by a sense of weakness or fatigue,
easy exhaustion on the slightest effort, headache, sensitivity
to light, inability to concentrate, irritability and complaints
of poor memory, poor sleep, numerous constantly-varying
aches and pains. These are all common complaints, along
with depression, for people with severe and chronic allergic
reactions. They are also the most disabling in terms of
quality of life – the ability to play, work, and
live a full life. Neurasthenia is thought to involve vasomotor
disturbances that affect the nerves having control of
the blood vessels. Gastrodia is one of the most commonly
studied herbs in China for treating hypertension and for
improving blood flow in the arteries of the brain.
Finally, two
herbs in the blend provide a corrective effect on the
immune system that account for the long-term benefits
of the formula. Paeonia sufruticosa and Pseudostellaria
promote liver and lung function respectively, providing
these organs with nutrition to perform their proper immune
functions. With many of the herbs in the AllerPhase formula
directed to dampening the immune response to allergens,
it is important to also support general immune system
function. These herbs are likely, along with Gastrodia,
to be partly responsible for desensitizing allergy sufferers
from their various allergens.
The following
chart summarizes the general traditional functions of
each of the herbs in AllerPhase in respiratory allergies.
| |
|
| Congestion
[nasal/sinus] |
Centipeda,
xanthium, angelica |
| Headache
[migraine] |
Gastrodia,
xanthium, angelica |
| Cough
[anti-tussive action] |
Centipeda,
pseudostellaria, fritillaria, licorice, platycodon |
| Mucous
[expectorant action] |
Centipeda,
fritillaria, platycodon, licorice |
| Bronchial
spasm [anti-asthma] |
Centipeda,
licorice |
| Itching
[eyes, nose, throat] |
Centipeda,
schizonepeta |
| Swelling,
pus |
Fritillaria,
angelica, paeonia, platycodon |
| Fatigue |
Gastrodia,
pseudostellaria |
|
The Allergic
Response
From a scientific perspective, the allergic response is
very complex, involving thousands of chemical reactions.
By understanding the cascade of chemical reactions triggered
by various allergens we can further see how the AllerPhase
formula interrupts the allergic response in susceptible
individuals. Scientific studies on the individual ingredients
in AllerPhase support our understanding of the beneficial
actions and traditional functions of the formula.
Allergic reactions are triggered by
the immune system as it recognizes outside substances
or organisms that get into the body. An allergy is a mistake
as the immune system reacts to a relatively harmless substance.
The part of the immune system that reacts to allergens
confuses them with historically harmful parasites and
mounts a response that is out of proportion to the danger.
For whatever reasons, individuals prone to allergies are
known to create abnormally high levels of immunoglobulin
E [IgE] antibodies when exposed to allergens that prompt
no response in other people.
Physiologically, the allergic response
occurs in three stages: sensitization, mast cell activation,
and prolonged immune activation.
Stage
1 – Sensitization to Allergens
During Stage 1, when the allergen first meets the immune
system, no allergic reaction is produced. Instead, the
system gets ready for future encounters with that particular
allergen. Cells called macrophages degrade the allergen
and display the fragments to T lymphocytes (T cells);
T cells secrete interleukin-4, which promotes maturation
of B lymphocytes into plasma cells; then plasma cells
secrete immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies specific for
that allergen. These antibodies attach themselves to receptors
on mast cells, which come from bone marrow. Mast cells
are found in connective tissue throughout the body, especially
near the small blood vessels and near epithelial tissue,
which covers the skin or lines the respiratory and digestive
tracts. IgE antibodies also attach to basophils, a type
of white blood cell that can exit the small blood vessels
and congregate around invading allergens. The job of the
IgE antibodies is to recognize and attach themselves to
the allergen at the next exposure.
Stage
2 – The Chemical Cascades Begins
State 2 represents a later encounter between the allergen
and the immune system. This second exposure releases a
cascade of various chemical reactions that result in acute
inflammation of local tissues. The allergen first binds
to IgE antibodies on mast cells. The result of this binding
is activation of various enzymes that induce mast cell
granules to release their contents – substances
such as histamine, platelet-activating factor, prostaglandins,
and leukotrienes – and these substances trigger
the allergy attack by causing inflammation in the local
tissues. For example histamine dilates blood vessels causing
redness and release of tissue swelling fluids; constricts
bronchial tubes, impairing breathing; irritates nerve
endings, causing itching and pain; and stimulates production
of mucus in the respiratory system. The allergy sufferer
experiences sneezing, an itchy, drippy or congested nose,
wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and even skin
swelling, hives or rashes.
Histamine directly contributes to inflammation
but its release also begins a chain reaction or chemical
cascade that results in the generation of leukotrienes.
Histamine activates the enzyme phospholipase A, which
in turn releases arachidonic acid--a fatty acid--from
the phospholipid membrane of the mast cell. What is then
called arachidonate is acted upon by an enzyme called
5-lipoxygenase and converted to an unstable intermediate
chemical--leukotriene A--which is immediately metabolized
to form either leukotriene B4 or leukotriene C4, D4 or
E4. These leukotrienes, especially leukotriene D4, are
more than ten times more potent than histamine. In addition
to their constricting effect on bronchial muscle, the
leukotrienes also act on blood vessels, causing them to
become leaky and resulting in the swelling of the skin.
The second family of generated mediators
of inflammation – the prostaglandins, or cyclooxygenase
products--also has arachidonic acid as their precursor.
In this case, however, the arachidonic acid is worked
on by the cyclooxygenase enzyme rather than by lipoxygenase.
Unlike histamine--which is produced in both mast cells
and basophils, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is only made in
the mast cells. PGD2 is a potent bronchoconstrictor, more
powerful than histamine, though less so than the leukotrienes.
Elevated PGD2 levels have been measured in secretions
aspirated from the lungs of asthmatics and in nasal secretions
from patients with nasal allergies. Still, despite high
hopes, patients treated with recently developed prostaglandin
modifiers have not shown much improvement; in fact, benefits
from this theoretically promising new medicine have yet
to be documented.
Stage
3 – Prolonged Immune Activation
The immune system can accelerate the initial reaction
to an allergen, so the sooner treatment begins the better.
The antibodies that detect allergens set off a chain reaction
involving armies of cells and chemical signals, calling
in more cells and signals. As a result, the allergic reaction
can snowball into more severe and widespread symptoms.
Stage 3 is characterized by prolonged
immune activation. About half of all patients move into
a so-called "late phase" allergic response some
4 to 6 hours later. It is important to act quickly. This
late phase is characterized by an influx of inflammatory
cells, especially eosinophils but also neutrophils, monocytes
and lymphocytes. This inflammatory influx is orchestrated
and modulated by a family of cellular factors called cytokines.
The synthesis of cytokines by mast cells or basophils
is stimulated by the initial allergic reaction; the cytokines
are also derived from lymphocytes and other cells that
come into play as the reaction continues.
Tissue mast cells and neighboring cells
synthesize molecules that induce circulating basophils,
eosinophils, and other cells to migrate into that tissue,
generating a new wave of symptoms. These recruited cells
secrete chemicals of their own that sustain inflammation,
recruit other immune cells, and cause local tissue damage.
These later phase inflammatory chemicals include newer
chemical mediators, further leukotrienes, prostaglandins,
thromboxanes, and platelet activating factors that result
in chronic inflammation.
More recently, it's been shown that
leukotrienes are powerful chemoattractants, recruiting
eosinophils and thus contributing to the ongoing allergic
inflammation. This may explain why a new family of medications,
the leukotriene modifiers, has proven effective in the
therapy of mild to moderate asthma.
Several cytokines have been shown to
be important in the regulation of IgE synthesis and the
accumulation of eosinophils and other inflammatory cells
during allergic reactions. The cytokine interleukin 4
(IL-4) has been proven essential for IgE synthesis. IL-4
can also promote the production of IgE antibodies; increased
IgE production is the hallmark of allergic disease.
The cytokine interleukin 5 (IL-5) plays
a key role in the maturation, activation and survival
of eosinophils; increased numbers of eosinophils in the
blood and tissues is another characteristic feature of
allergic disease. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
is another cytokine that is stored preformed within mast
cells and is released rapidly after an allergic reaction
begins. TNF-alpha regulates the secretion of two additional
cytokines, RANTES and eotoxin, which work with IL-5 to
attract and activate eosinophils. TNF-alpha also promotes
the synthesis of cellular adhesion molecules, which are
crucial for inflammatory cell accumulation at the onset
of the allergic reaction.AllerPhase Herbs Inhibit Allergic
Reactions
Symptoms of allergy are highly varied, because different
allergens stimulate the immune system at different sites
in the body. Diverse symptoms and locations require a
multiple herb formula but all ingredients addressing inflammation
of tissues and reduction of immune response. AllerPhase
is the first herbal formula that provides quick-acting
symptom relief for upper and lower respiratory allergies
while strengthening the immune system to shorten the allergy
season.
The goals of anti-allergic treatment
are to interrupt the instigation of inflammation [Stage
2], resolve chronic tissue damage [Stage 3], and desensitize
the immune system so that it does not overreact to allergens
[Stage 1]. Many of the herbs in AllerPhase are able to
disrupt the chemical pathways that promote local tissue
inflammation. [A variety of different OTC and prescriptive
drugs work in this fashion.] While these herbs reduce
the acute attacks on the local tissues, other herbs help
to clear out the swelling and exudates from chronic inflammation.
These herbs are supported by tonic herbs that are able
to desensitize the immune system to prevent future allergic
reactions. [Less load]
The root of Platycodon grandiflorum
has been widely used for the treatment of various chronic
inflammatory diseases including airway disease in oriental
medicine. The root extract of the plant has been known
to be effective in the expectoration of sputum or mucus,
thereby improving airway respiratory function and preventing
secondary airway inflammation. In this study, we investigated
the effect of platycodin D and D3, the saponin components
that are anti-inflammatory components in Platycodon grandiflorum.
Platycodin D and D3 increased mucin release from rat and
hamster tracheal surface epithelial cell culture and also
from intact rat trachea upon nebulization. The effect
of platycodin D3 was stronger than that of ATP, a potent
mucin secretagogue and also of ambroxole, a mucolytic
drug. The results from the present study suggest that
platycodin D and D3 are useful as expectorant agents in
the treatment of various airway diseases.
A ll three extracts significantly inhibited
the carrageenin-induced edema and the cotton pellet-induced
granuloma formation. From these results, it is suggested
that KK, H and HS may inhibit both the early exudative
stage and the late proliferative stage in inflammatory
processes. These extracts are comprised of Platycodon
root as do other crude drugs, and the root may be partly
responsible for the antiinflammatory effects induced.
The following chart shows the chemicals
in the inflammatory chemical pathways that scientific
evidence indicates that active ingredients in the herbs
in AllerPhase inhibit from causing local tissue inflammation:
| |
|
|
| Histamine |
Dilates
blood vessels, local tissue swelling
Constricts bronchial tubes
Irritates nerve endings,
itching and pain
Stimulates
mucus production |
Centipeda
Xanthium
Schizonepeta
Angelica dahurica |
| Tumor
Necrosis Factor Alpha [TNA-alpha] |
Prolonged
inflammation and pain |
Xanthium |
| Prostaglandin
E2 |
Increases
vasodilation
Enhances histamine effects |
Angelica
Peonia sufruticosa |
| Substance
P |
Irritates
nerves, itching
Stimulates histamine release
Vascular leakage, tissue
edema
Induces synthesis of IG,
immunoglobulins |
Schizonepeta |
| Platelet
Activating Factor |
Induces systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including
bronchial tube constriction |
Centipeda |
|
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